Gothic Fiction The Castle Of Otranto - 1443 Words

Logan Ross 10/11/2014 Angelic TR – 8a-9:15a Comp. 2 Gothic literature was almost single handedly invented by Horace Walpole with his novel The Castle of Otranto in 1765. A mix of romance and horror, many authors today and many authors in the past have used gothic fiction to fill the readers with suspense and terror. Edgar Allan Poe used elements such as suspense, setting, and language to create a plethora of gothic fiction stories. Stories such as Poe’s Cask of Amontillado capture the gothic element perfectly. A combination of elements are used to make a piece of work Gothic. A Gothic story might contain a castle, haunted or not, ruined buildings, or dungeons. Authors will sometimes use curses or omens to capture the element. Heroes or heroines, magic and supernatural manifestations are all elements of Gothic. It’s the use of these shadows and extreme landscape, labyrinths and dark corners, and spooky catacombs that make Gothic fiction what it is. â€Å"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there, wondering, fea ring, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before.† This quote from Poe’s The Raven encompasses the Gothic theme as a whole. Using darkness and fear to show the readers that they are in for a Gothic read. As defined on (http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu ) â€Å"The Gothic creates feelings of gloom, mystery, and suspense and tends to the dramatic and the sensational, like incest, diabolism, and nameless terrors. Most of us immediately recognizeShow MoreRelatedThe Castle Of Otranto. Gothic Fiction1127 Words   |  5 Pages Gothic horror started in 1764, by a man named Horace Walpole, he wrote the novel The castle of Otranto. Gothic fiction is a combination of death, horror and some romance. Abraham Bram Stoker, was born in Ireland, on November 8, 1847. In 1879, Stoker was famous for creating one of the most famous horror stories, Dracula. It is said, Stoker wrote his books inspired by traveling and art. For this particular book, many people believe he had come up with the name and character because of Vlad the ImpalerRead MoreGothic Fiction: The Representation of Evil in Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto2229 Words   |  9 Pages Gothic Fiction: The Representation of Evil in Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto. The Castle of Otranto is a 1764 novel written by Horace Walpole. It is regarded as the first Gothic novel, initiating a new literary genre which became extremely popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Gothic literature’s desire to explore the unknown, the unexplainable, inexplicable and the terrifying can be seen as a reaction to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on the rational and knowableRead MoreAnalysis of Third Person Narratives of Two Novels1368 Words   |  6 Pageswhat the most important aspect of their work is (whether that be fiction or not) and they will all probably say the same four things: plot, setting, characters, and narration. This is also true for the three novels we have studied thus far in class: Vathek, The Castle of Otranto, and The Mysteries of Udolpho. The dark ‘gloomth’ setting, the larger-than-life characters, and the supernaturally centered plot lines all make these books Gothic novels, but how would one characterize the narrators? If thereRead More Taking The Castle of Otranto as your example, outline the main conventions1454 Words   |  6 PagesTaking The Castle of Otranto as your example, outline the main conventions of the Gothic novel, and show how your knowledge of Taking The Castle of Otranto as your example, outline the main conventions of the Gothic novel, and show how your knowledge of these conventions affects your reading of Northanger Abbey. Is Northanger Abbey most accurately described as parody of the Gothic genre, or is there a more complicated relationship going on? Gothic novels purport to revive old storiesRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe852 Words   |  4 Pageswriting. Also, placing him into a certain style or literary movement would give us some really tough hours. Poe can be considered either a Romantic or Gothic writer but we could find a number of arguments and counterarguments for this matter. Poe, in fact, reinterpreted the whole Gothic horror style and created a unique, distinct brew of Gothic fiction, Romanticism and his own gloomy mind. On the basis of A Cask of Amontillado and The Tell-Tale Heart, we can deduct that despite the uniqueness of Poe’sRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1761 Words   |  8 Pagesit. The gothic imagery that fills Usher reflects a style of literature that had emerged during the late eighteenth century and was flourishing in the early decades of the nineteenth. The large mysterious castle filled with dark corners and secret passageways had been an important feature of gothic literature at least since Horace Walpole s Castle of Otranto . Poe explicitly aligns Usher with such literature. Upon dismounting from his horse, the story s narrator enters the Gothic archway ofRead MoreEssay on Castle of Otranto Preface Analysis1801 Words   |  8 PagesHorace Walpole (1717-1797) invented the Gothic novel in his attempt to blend wildness and imagination of the old romance, in his own words an attempt to blend the two kinds of romance, the ancient and the modern in one step altogether, the Castle of Otranto. A novel he claimed to have written immediately after being inspired by a dream, I waked one morning...from a dream, of which all I could recover was, that I had thought m yself in an ancient castle...I saw a gigantic hand in armour. In theRead MoreLiterary Review of Bram Stokers Dracula Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to the creation of the literary classic â€Å"Dracula†, Bram Stoker spent his time managing the Lyceum Theatre and legendary actor Henry Irving. According to Jennifer Dorn, when the novel was first published in 1897, critics regarded it as a â€Å"pulp fiction potboiler† (Dorn). The novels declaration as a literary masterpiece came many years later. A graduate of Trinity college, Stoker came from a middle class Irish family, the son of a civil servant. The publication â€Å"The Literary World of Bram StokerRead MoreThe Gothic Elements Of Frankenstein922 Words   |  4 PagesBlake Sisson Mrs. Schroder Honors English IV December 8 2016 The Gothic Elements of Frankenstein Gothic novels are stories written in the gothic genre which is a literature genre of fiction characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror. This genre rose to, and flourished in, popularity during the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the most famous novels of this Genre is Frankenstein, also known as the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Frankenstein is about a scientist who creates a grotesqueRead More‘the Narrative Voice Is an Important Element in the Use of Realist and Non-Realist Techniques and Conventions.’1567 Words   |  7 Pagesin everyday life. Two examples of this that would immediately spring to mind nowadays would be perhaps the science fiction or horror genres. However, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, novelists thought of their works as realist if they were simply not recognised as ‘romantic’ writings, which had been the dominant literary form for centuries, ‘†¦realism meant writing fiction based on observatio n of the world of ordinary men and women in society, using the simplest language to reach the widest

Analysis Of Frankenstein And The Clock, After Dinner...

At five o’clock, after dinner time parents sit down with their children and helped with homework assignment for the evening. The kids bring out their math work sheets placed them on the table after the parents took a quick glimpse, they were confuse how to do the assignment. Instead of doing traditional math kids are drawing pictures and diagrams explaining how to add and subtract this is the new debate about the Common Core curriculum and parents is upset about the topic. â€Å"How can we teach our students something without even knowing what it is?† This remind me of a sense from the movie Frankenstein (1931) where Dr. Henry Frankenstein creates a new creature, and once the local village heard about a foul experiment, they rush to the laboratory in a mob carrying pitchforks looking for answers. Parents across America are working longer and more stressful hours trying to provide a better future for their children, but Americans are unhappy with the K-12 education syste m. The United States has spent more money on education than any other developed country in the world. The U.S. is ranked 31st in Math and 23rd in Science and students are falling farther behind each year. In 2009 the Common Core State Standards Initiative was launched, and today it has been adopted by 45 states, but in a survey it stated that around 55% of Americans were unaware about the new curriculum (Maxwell, 2014). The Common Core curriculum in many ways discourage students, created complex problem solving,Show MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesE. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of

HM Apparel Chains Free Essays

Apart from Spain’s Zara, the Swedish retailer Hennes Mauritz (HM) differentiates itself from most apparel chains for its idiom â€Å"treat fashion as if it were perishable produce. † In Europe, HM is considered to be an industry leader because it offers the â€Å"on-trend† look at an extremely lower price. In 2000, it decided to begin to establish a predatory marketing strategy of expansion within the US. We will write a custom essay sample on HM Apparel Chains or any similar topic only for you Order Now The strengths of HM are that it is a well-known company worldwide; it responds quickly to trends, particularly in its similarities to haute couture and the catwalk within a turnaround cycle speed of 3 weeks; and it is recognized for its incredibly low prices on trendy, seasonal apparel. The weaknesses of HM are that it is relatively unknown in the States; it has yet to distinguish and set itself apart from inexpensive American apparel chains; and its goods are not high-quality. Primary Problem: Flawed Marketing Research The absence of a definitive marketing strategy is of primary concern. With benefit of hindsight, some deficiencies in HM’s research design merited attention. It was geared towards the simple idea of expansion rather than establishing genuine market presence. Because it tried to expand too quickly, it imprudently purchased outlets too big and in poor locations, instead of building up its presence more slowly and carefully. HM believed no competition could ever be more on-trend and more fashionable than they. However, HM showed the fallacy of attempting growth beyond immediate capabilities in a growth-at-any-cost mindset. The rationale for embracing great growth is that it needed to run with the ball if it were to ever get that rare opportunity to suddenly double or triple sales. But there are times when a slower, more controlled growth is prudent. Secondary Problem: External Factors Apparently, it did not learn from Benetton’s past mistakes. For example, it too had tried to establish a strong presence in the US and had failed. Similarly, The Gap, a US company, also tried to further expand but choked because of the numerous retailers with their offshore resources being able to knock off current fashions much more quickly and competing favorably. Discount stores, such as Wal-Mart and Target, have big boxes in the suburbs also with offshore facilities enabling them to offer current fashion at low prices. This means that even if HM is first to introduce the fashions, within weeks the competition could offer similar merchandise. In addition to obvious competitors, HM did not underscore or create enough attention to its prospective customers of its distinguishing characteristics. Certainly, it recognized the importance of the dyadic relationship by hiring salespeople with similar characteristics to their customers. But it still was not effective in communicating its formula. Recommended Solutions 1. Instead of just wholly owned subsidiaries, HM could enter into a joint venture with an American department store to at least build some presence and recognition. Licensing is a fairly low-risk method for entering into a joint venture. An example of this sort of arrangement would be what Guess has with Macy’s stores. Although HM may have given up most of the profits, this would be a prudent manner in expanding its recognition throughout the US. HM should still own and operate facilities in the US where it is more urban and less surrounded by discount stores. . The symbolic value of HM needs to be underscored either through an advertisement campaign or celebrity endorsements. Although celebrities demand big bucks, the endorsements are worth the price if done in moderation and with the best of the best. Obviously, HM recognized this in 2007 when it contracted with Madonna to do commercials and magazine advertisements. Of course, the effectiveness of these methods is difficult to measure but as long as the communication is remembered, recognized, or recalled, this will instill further presence in HM’s goal of expansion. How to cite HM Apparel Chains, Papers

Environment and Sustainability

Question: Discuss about the Environment and Sustainability. Answer: Introduction: The protected areas are the place which is protected due to its ecological and cultural values. These areas are protected so that the government can achieve long-term conservation of nature (Berkes, 2004). Protected areas can be found in different parts of the world and they are known by certain names like the national park, natural reserve, wildlife areas, tourism management areas etc. we need the protected areas because protected areas are the main essential for biodiversity conservation. As the trees help to protect the ozone layer, if there is no tree left, then there will be a decline in the layers of the atmosphere. The main need for protection of the environment because it protects different types of ecosystem. The existence of protected areas helps us run our daily life because with proper ecosystem-human life cannot survive. The protected areas protect the resources as well as the ecosystem dynamics (Cronan, 1995). The range of a protection area is vast as it protects many ecosystems as well as inhabitants like birds wild animals etc. In last few years, there is a rapid increase in the extent of the protected areas. The world conservation said to each nation that 10% 20% of the land should be kept aside for the conservation of the ecosystem. Large Peace Park is created for the conservation of the biodiversity. Many countries are trying to make Trans-boundary parks to conserve the ecosystem (Dowie, 2009). As Africa is covered with protected areas what ta are steps are taken for the conservation of the ecosystem does any wildlife research or education training is taking place in Africa or any other countries. In last few years, the management of different countries is trying to conserve the ecosystem by developing many ecotourism services. The wildlife policies are developed by the by the government as well as hunting is prohibited in many countries due to the extinction of many wildlife species. The management is trying to design the wildlife conservation so that they can sustain in nature as due to the climate change (Sarkar, 1999). Many countries are taking steps in controlling the global warming as CNG gas vehicles are introduced and old cars and buses and cars are getting rejected from further using, as the law is set by the government of many nations. References Berkes Fikret, Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, vol. 18, no. 3, 2004. Cronon, William. 1995. The Trouble with Wilderness: or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature. In Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, edited by William Cronon. New York London: W.W. Norton Company. Dowie, M (2009) Introduction: Enemies of Conservation. Conservation Refugees: The HundredYear Conflict between Global Conservation and Native Peoples, The MIT Press: Cambridge: xvxxiv Sarkar, Sahotra. 1999. "Wilderness preservation and biodiversity conservationkeeping divergent goals distinct", BioScience no. 49 (5):404-412.

Summary Of Kants Life Essays - Enlightenment Philosophy, Kantianism

Summary Of Kant's Life Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) spent all of his life in K?nigsberg, a small German town on the Baltic Sea in East Prussia. (After World War II, Germany's border was pushed west, so K?nigsberg is now called Kaliningrad and is part of Russia.) At the age of fifty-five, Kant appeared to be a washout. He had taught at K?nigsberg University for over twenty years, yet had not published any works of significance. During the last twenty-five years of his life, however, Kant left a mark on the history of philosophy that is rivaled only by such towering giants as Plato and Aristotle. Kant's three major works are often considered to be the starting points for different branches of modern philosophy: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) for the philosophy of mind; the Critique of Practical Reason (1788) for moral philosophy; and the Critique of Judgment (1790) for aesthetics, the philosophy of art. The Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals was published in 1785, just before the Critique of Practical Reason. It is essentially a short introduction to the argument presented in the second Critique. In order to understand what Kant is up to in this book, it is useful to know something about Kant's other works and about the intellectual climate of his time. Kant lived and wrote during a period in European intellectual history called the Enlightenment. Stretching from the mid-seventeenth century to the early nineteenth, this period produced the ideas about human rights and democracy that inspired the French and American revolutions. (Some other major figures of the Enlightenment were Locke, Hume, Rousseau, and Leibniz.) The characteristic quality of the Enlightenment was an immense confidence in reason--that is, in humanity's ability to solve problems through logical analysis. The central metaphor of the Enlightenment was a notion of the light of reason dispelling the darkness of mythology and misunderstanding. Enlightenment thinkers like Kant felt that history had placed them in the unique position of being able to provide clear reasons and arguments for their beliefs. The ideas of earlier generations, they thought, had been determined by myths and traditions; their own ideas were based on reason. (According to this way of thinking, the French monarchy's claims to power were based on tradition; reason prescribed a republican government like that created by the revolution.) Kant's philosophical goal was to use logical analysis to understand reason itself. Before we go about analyzing our world, Kant argued, we must understand the mental tools we will be using. In the Critique of Pure Reason Kant set about developing a comprehensive picture of how our mind--our reason-- receives and processes information. Kant later said that the great Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711-76) had inspired him to undertake this project. Hume, Kant said, awoke him from an intellectual slumber. The idea that so inspired Kant was Hume's analysis of cause-and-effect relationships. When we talk about events in the world, Hume noted, we say that one thing causes another. But nothing in our perceptions tells us that anything causes anything else. All we know from our perceptions is that certain events regularly occur immediately after certain other events. Causation is a concept that we employ to make sense of why certain events regularly follow certain other events. Kant took Hume's idea and went one step further. Causation, Kant argues, is not just an idea that we employ to make sense of our perceptions. It is a concept that we cannot help but employ. We don't sit around watching events and then develop an idea of causation on the basis of what we see. When we see a baseball break a window, for instance, we don't need to have seen balls break windows before to say that the ball caused the window to break; causation is an idea that we automatically bring to bear on the situation. Kant argued that causation and a number of other basic ideas--time and space, for instance--are hardwired, as it were, into our minds. Anytime we try to understand what we see, we cannot help but think in terms of causes and effects. Kant's argument with Hume may seem like hairsplitting, but it has huge implications. If our picture of the world is structured by concepts that are hardwired into our minds, then we can't know anything about how the world really is. The world we know about is developed by combining sensory data (appearances or phenomena, as Kant called them) with fundamental concepts of reason (causation, etc.). We don't know anything about the things-in- themselves from which sensory data emanates. This recognition that our understanding of the world may

Chief Bromden Essays

Chief Bromden Essays Chief Bromden Paper Chief Bromden Paper Throughout Ken Keseys tremendous novel, One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, the character of Chief Bromden develops from: a damaged, diminished man to a fully reformed human being. Randle McMurphy, a brawling gambling man enters the terrifying grey world of the institute, but he is there by choice after pleading insanity to escape prison. The arrival of McMurphy contributes to the progression of Bromdens maturity. At the beginning of the novel Chief Bromdens paranoid character is emphasised by the repetition of his fear of the combine and the thick clouds of fog which it emits to control the patients. Chief Bromdens fear of the machinery which makes up the combine is revealed in the description of nurse Ratched when she is first introduced to the novel, Shes got that bag full of a thousand parts she aims to use in her duties today wheels and gears . . . This shows the paranoia of chief Bromden as he believes the nurse is trying to implant machinery into the patients to make them a part of the combine. This word choice helps to emphasise that the Chief is afraid of being combined and his humanity taken away. Chief Bromden believes that when the combine begins to lose its grip on the patients it emits a thick fog to subdue the patients. They start the fog machine again its snowing down cold and white all over me like skimmed milk This effective use of a simile emphasises how Chief Bromden feels that the combine has a grasp on him and he cannot escape from it. Chief Bromdens social retardation is again displayed by him being referred to as an acute, emphasisng the severe state of the patients. When McMurphy first enters; The aides have him sweeping a l-large part of the time. Theres not m-much else he can do, I guess. Hes deaf. This illustrates his disability and his stuttering, shown by alliteration, reinforces the idea that he is mentally ruined. Bromdens speech barrier is shown yet again when he says Hes de-de-deef and dumb, this alliteration is symbolic in that Bromden is trying to come out of his shell, therefore his stutter relates to how he, as a person, does not flow either. It also highlights Chief Bromdens social disability as he spends his day sweeping by himself and also the patients believe him to be deaf and dumb emphasising how he must have had no social interactions with the other patients who are in the combine. As the novel develops Chief Bromdens character begins to transform, this development is helped by the introduction of McMurphy, who, from very early on has an inclination that the Chief is not actually deaf and dumb. Why, you sure did give a jump when I told you that the coon was coming, Chief. I thought someone told me you was deef. This shows how very early on in the novel McMurphy begins to realise that Chief Bromden is not actually deaf and dumb. This is the turning point in the novel for Chief Bromdens character, after this meeting with McMurphy his character begins to change. First time in a long time Im in bed without taking that little red capsule, emphasisng Chief Bromdens change of character. As the novel progresses so does Chief Bromden. I was kind of amazed that Id remembered that. It was the first time in what seemed to me centuries that Id been able to remember, much about my childhood. These memories which Chief Bromden recounts are the memories when he first feels neglected, thus he has found the reason for his sickness and now knows he can be cured.

Leave blank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leave blank - Essay Example However, under act utilitarianism, if for instance such a person were known to be a Pol Pot, and Idi Amin or a Hitler, then killing him would be justified in order to spare the many more they would have killed. The declining marginal utility of money refers to the change in total satisfaction derived from the purchase of one additional or incremental unit of a specific good or service, all else being equal (businessdictionary.com, 2010). In other words, as a person has more and more of one thing, his satisfaction with each additional unit of the thing becomes less and less. For instance, a beggar with nothing at all will be immensely joyful at receiving a dollar. A student will frown at the dollar, but will be happy with a hundred dollars. The office worker may be disappointed with a hundred dollar raise, but will welcome ten thousand dollars added to his annual income. Finally, a millionaire will think nothing of ten thousand dollars; he needs to acquire ten million dollars to feel the same satisfaction that the beggar felt with one dollar. (b) A principle of justice in transfer – A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding. (c) A principle of rectification of injustice - No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2. Otherwise, holdings that are unjustly acquired or transferred, should be returns, victims duly compensated, past transgressions or injustices done by a government rectified, and so on. An example of the first principle is that a person may legally acquire an asset, such as a car, by purchasing it at good value. If the sale, however, is done under duress and for a price way below its true value so as not to be justified, then the right of ownership does not transfer, as in the case of a man who forces

Discussion Board 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 3 - Assignment Example The propaganda was used to persuade the Americans that the war was right, and it should continue. The red scare was the American worry of the stretch of communism. This worry and tension led to a significant desire to remove the communists from America and other parts of the world. According to Propaganda (2011), anyone who was known to take part in the communist movements was placed on a tribunal and sentenced. During this active period of searching the communist groups, the attorneys, farmers and other business people lost their liberty and lines of business as a result of this search process. The red scare led to an increase in the war in Vietnam. According to Annenberg Learner (2015), the Americans were in fear that the Communist North would take over the democratic south. The Sacco and Vanzetti trial echoed the Americans worry of immigration, crimes associated with the immigrants, and lawlessness. Additionally, there was an anti-Italian response in the trial and sentencing perceived by some American citizens all through the nation on account of a planned crime. According to Alfonzo (2009), the origin of the Klan echoed the white USAs worry that marginalized communities may finally invade America. This worry and tension came up as a result of the increase in the number of immigrants and American black communities, tagged with the transformation in American politics which led to the provision of equal rights and employment opportunities to the marginalized

English people versus American people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English people versus American people - Essay Example The United States is made up of many sub cultures and values within sub cultures vary from region to region which is not true in the case of Britain. The British hold a more conservative approach to their lifestyles and a common set of values prevails over the entire country making it and its people less receptive to outsiders and alien ideas. Furthermore, the British also have a more conservative immigration policy for outsiders to come to the country either to visit or settle with the natives of the land. On the contrary, America has shown more flexibility to its naturalization process and immigration is actually supported by the system- making it a land of opportunity for all. Moreover, people in Britain are linked with their heritage and location as where they are from and where their ancestors have been linked to. This creates a strong internal discrimination among themselves and has developed a class system within the country. Anywere starting from linkage to the royalty to the lords of the land, people feel pride in their heritage to an extent where hey actually discriminate their values over others living within the country and not belonging to the same level or maybe higher to their lineage (Denning, 1996). Equality among people in Britain has suffered where no two classes are treated equally between the circles and this difference is clearly visible when comparing the labour over different industries. A coal miner does not get the same respect as a restaurant waiter. A manager in a big corporation feels and shows his elevated grace to a manager in a small firm. In the contrast, the American system of the society, though may at times be unjust, but is more liberal in the concept of equality (Christopher, 1999). Human Rights are made into laws and discrimination is discouraged by implementing legislations that enact to support equality and discourage gender or race discrimination. With equality of

An Adolescent Smoking Prevention Health And Social Care Essay

An Adolescent Smoking Prevention Health And Social Care Essay The rate of smoking is increasing in the United States among adolescents and the cause of leading preventable death in the United State (Husten, 2009). Smoking cause many health problems such as cancer of the lung, esophagus, larynx, bladder and oral cavity (Stephenson Allen, 2007). The goal of the Healthy People 2020 Objectives focus is to reduce tobacco use by adolescent, establish laws on smoke-free indoor air that prohibit smoking in public places, worksites and increased adolescents disapproval of smoking( Healthy People, 2020). This will be discussing the factors that predispose adolescent to smoking, the national, state and local prevalence of smoking. The paper will also be discussing the principals of health promotion and disease prevention in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. This paper will have examples of national, state and local initiatives leading to achieving the Healthy People 2020 objectives. This paper will discuss the roles of the professional registere d nurse in providing care for adolescents who smoke. Many health problems results in smoking and the earlier individuals start smoking the higher risk they have in developing these health problems in later life. To understand the etiology of smoking, one must understand the factors predisposing the adolescent to behave in this manner. These factors are peer pressure, parents who smoke the mass media and movies all influence smoking behavior in adolescent. Other factors that may also contribute this behavior include having a low self-esteem, and having a problem controlling weight (Tingen, Andrews Stevenson, 2009). Adolescents who are starting smoking at the start of early age would most likely to become heavy smoker when they get older (Lewis, 2008). With the proper preventive measures and educating adolescents about the importance of not smoking can aid in reducing smoking rate among adolescents in the United States. Counseling, community programs and state laws prohibited smoking, promote a tobacco free environment. There are five stages of smoking initiatives occurring in adolescents. Precontemplation is the first stage, this is when the adolescent has not even thought about smoking. The second stage is contemplation, in this stage, the adolescent start to learn about smoking and is thinking about smoking. The next stage, preparation is when the adolescent is experiment smoking with other people smokers. The action stage last for about a month and is when the adolescent starting smoking on every day basis. The last stage is maintenance, which last more than more six month. In this stage, the adolescent is already smoking regularly and smoking make smoking as a habit. Nicotine is the chemical in tobacco that cause nicotine dependence, which cause smoking addiction. A study has shown that adolescents who smoke less frequently than adults would both exhibit the same nicotine dependence withdraw symptoms. Study also has shown that the nicotine play a big role in smoking cessation in adolescents. Adolescents who are willing to quit smoking are less likely to succeed as a result of nicotine dependence. Adolescents who smoke at early age would also have less successful smoking cessation ( Heikkinen, Pitkaniemi, Koskenvuo Merman, 2009) Research suggests that nicotine is as addictive as heroin, cocaine or alcohol ( CDC, 2010). Smokers who are experiencing nicotine withdrawal symptoms often have anxiety, increased appetite and difficulty concentrating ( CDC, 2010). Adolescents who smoke are not aware with associated health problems caused by smoking. Some adolescents believed that they would not be addicted to smoking and that they would be able to quit whenever they want. They do not think about how the nicotine in cigarette, which causes addiction, could affect them and make it harder for them to quit. Many adolescents reporting smoke as a way to solve their personal problems. They feel better when they smoking during emotional times, when they are feeling depress and as stress reliever (Fritz, Wider, Hardin Horrocks). It is important to understand what factors predispose adolescents into trying smoking cigarettes. Intrapersonal and interpersonal are some environmental factors that influence smoking behaviors in adolescents. An example of intrapersonal behavior is a smoking behavior that is influence by self-esteem, knowledge and intentions (Tingen at el., 2009). These behaviors are influence by the interactions in the environment, which leads to smoking initiations. Interpersonal behavior is the behavior influence by act of family members and friends. Children portray the behavior of the adults as being normal and act in the same manner. If a member in the family smoke, the adolescent would observe that behavior and start smoking themselves. Childrens exposures to socialization factors in the home that promote risk-taking behaviors are associated with early experimentation with tobacco (Tigen at el., 2009). The behavior in the household has a huge effects on how children behavior outside of the home. Watching the other people in the household smoking would influence the adolescent to experiment smoking. Children also observed the behavior of their friends and model that behavior. Friends also pressure each other to behaving like them. Peer pressure may play strong role in smoking behavior, but Benchmark studies have shown that parent and home influences are stronger than peer influences in the earliest phases of smoking ( Tigen et al,. 2009). National, State and Local Data Every day, about 4,400 youths in the United States smoke their first cigarette. One- third of youths will die prematurely of smoking associated diseases, if this trend continues (krainuwat, 2005). The goal of New York State is to reduce the youths smoking prevalence to 10% by 2010. Smoking prevalence has been reducing dramatically in adolescents. The NY prevalence for smoking in 2000 was 27.1% compared to the smoking prevalence in 2005, which was 23%. The national smoking prevalence in 2000 was 28.4, slightly higher than the NY. In 2005, the national smoking prevalence was 16.2% compared to 2000 (New York State Tobacco Control Program, 2008-2010). In 2009, the smoking prevalence for national increased to 19.5% and 14.8% for NYS (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). After researching for many hours, could not find the local statistic data on smoking for adolescents. More than 3 million youths are current smoker in the United States. Male smokers have higher smoking rates than female smokers. Smoking accounts for 30% of all cancers deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths ( Krainuwat, 2005). For the past month, the national average for youths that smoke was 10.1%, 8.2% and range 6.5% to 15.9% across the states. The average exercise tax for national was $ 1.34 per pack and $2.7, but $ 0.07 to $3.46 per pack was the range for states in 2009 (CDC, 2010). According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the median funding for smoking in the state was 17.2% and 34.8% in 2007 was more than recommended CDC amount. As a result, the recommended state spending amount ranged from 1.1% to 8.5% for cigarettes. In 2006 through 2007, the United States percentage for homes with no rules in was 77.6% and 75.3% in New York. A health promotion activity is an important part of preventing smoking in adolescents because many health problems are raised from smoking. Health promotion would focus on educating adolescents about smoking cessation. The earlier the adolescent quit smoking, the better the chance they have in reducing the health problems they would encounter in later life. The professional nurse has an important role in preventing smoking in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies. It is important to understand some of the reasons that predispose the adolescents into trying smoke. Intrapersonal and interpersonal are environmental factors that influence smoking behaviors in adolescents. An example of intrapersonal behavior is a smoking behavior that is influence by self-esteem, knowledge and intentions (Tingen at el,. 2009). These behaviors are influence by the interactions in the environment, which would lead to smoking. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention Primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion is an important part of preventive measures when it comes to educating adolescents about smoking prevention. Primary prevention focuses on the efforts to educate and prevent adolescents from smoking. By making smoke- free laws in every state, the selling of tobacco to minors and tobacco product production could be stopped schools have large number of youth populations and are an important place to educate youths about primary smoking prevention (Tigen at el., 2009). Guess speaker coming to schools to speak to students about the health risks associated with smoking and emphases the importance of not smoking is a preventive initiatives. Other primary preventive initiatives include programs at schools that discourage the initiation of smoking and support group to help students with personal problems. Encourage parents to have talked with their children about not smoking and health problems. Nonsmoking parents living in an area, where smoking is not allowed; will increase the changes of their children not smoking (Tigen at el., 2009). Secondary prevention focuses on screen anyone who may be at risks for certain disease or disorder, but in this case, it will focus on screening adolescents who may be at risk for smoking initiation. Some of the risk factors that may lead the adolescent to smoking initiation are adolescents who have at least one person in the household who smokes, peer pressure, Parent involvement is important is important. Parents having talk to their children about not smoking, especially if they hang with friends who are smokers. Encourage peers at school who may be thinking about smoking to get help (Tigen at el., 2009). Adolescent who live with parents who smoke should be encourage quitting. Adolescents that live with parents who smoke should be encourage to quitting smoking. Adolescents who parents smoke have weaker parenting role in preventing their children from smoking than nonsmoker parents (Tigen at el., 2009). School nurses have an important role in secondary smoking prevention. Tertiary prevention focuses on treating adolescent who already starting smoking and educating them about programs that can help them quit smoking. School and community counseling programs are other helpful preventive strategies to help adolescents in dealing with tobacco withdraw symptoms and providing social support system to help with smoking cessation. Nicotine patches can be useful in helping adolescents stop cigarette cravings. Chewing gum also has been effective with strategies in stopping cravings. A study has shown other effective smoking strategies, included exercising, deep breathing, sucking on a straw, drinking water, meditating, brushing teeth and listening to music( Fritz at el., 2008). The New York State Smokers Quitline has also been effective in smoking cessation (New York State Tobacco Control Program, 2008-2010). Smoking programs have been effective in promoting smoking cessation in adolescent. A study has shown educating adolescent on the effects cigarette have on the health and providing them with information has been effective in quitting smoking (Fritz at el., 2008). Health Behavior Change Models For adolescents to become motivating in participating in smoking cessation program, they must understand their perception of smoking and the reason to stop. They must also understand how serious they putting their health at risk. Barriers play an important role in behavior change models in promoting smoking cessation in adolescents. Many adolescents start smoking for many reasons, which makes quitting difficult for them. Other problems that could affect smoking prevention in adolescent is that they dont think about the health problems that are associated with smoking. Nicotine addiction poses difficulty when trying to quit, which is a barrier to smoking. Being addicting to the nicotine in cigarette can prevent the adolescent from trying to quick smoking. The strong nicotine addiction causes withdraw symptoms and craving, which makes it hard to quit (Lewis, 2008). Some adolescents had reporting using alcohol as barriers to stop smoking. (Fritz at el., 2009). Other barriers include being in denial of the health risks associated with smoking and thinking that it would never happen to them and can quit anytime when they want. The difficulty with preventing adolescents from using tobacco is that often they do not considered the long-term effects of tobacco use (Lewis, 2008). National, State and Local Health Promotion Initiatives As mention earlier, smoking cause many health problems later on in life. It is important to start health promotion initiatives as soon as possible to decrease these health risks by promoting smoking cessation. An example of national and New York State initiative aimed in preventing smoking in adolescent include community action to increase the price of tobacco. Raising the price of cigarette can help in many ways, including individuals stop buy cigarettes because they cannot afford it. The New York State Smokers Quitline was developed to help people who are willing to quit smoking. Anyone that wants to quit smoking can call the number and can be directing to place where they can be help. State and communities have come together to increase the use of the New York State Smokers Quitline (1-800-QUIT NOW). Other initiatives includes encourage Smoking prevalence would also be reduced if people living in homes where smoking is now allowed, which would decrease the smoking prevalence among adolescents (New York State tobacco control program, 2008-2010). Most movies they make today have many smoking scene in them and adolescent are likely to portray this as a normal behavior and might want to try smoking. One other initiative is to making PG movies that does not have smoking scene in them. Other strategies includes increasing the number of tobacco free areas, including parks, recreation areas, building entryways and health care, business and education campuses( New York State Tobacco Control Program, 2008-2010). Other initiative includes using the mass media to promote smoking cessation by focusing on the smoking health risks. Health care organizations are urging health care professionals to screen any patients that is using tobacco and offering them help in quitting. This would be effective in ways that if the nurse is caring for adolescents and they smoke, the nurse can teach them about quitting and providing interventions that would lead to smoking cessation (New York State Tobacco Control Program, 2008-2010). Westchester County have come up with efforts in preventing smoking initiatives in youths and adults and those who are at a higher risk for smoking relating diseases. The Westchester Countys mission is to create a cultural norm to be embraced by every community which clearly and strongly discourages all use of tobacco by all populations (Westchester County, 2010). To make this into effect in preventive smoking cessation, Westchester County provided smoking cessation programs that would be available to all the residents in Westchester County including schools, youth centers and minorities organization communities (Westchester, 2010). The Professional Nurses Role The role of the professional nurse in providing care for the adolescent in smoking cessation includes educating the adolescents about the importance of smoking cessation to reducing smoking relating health problems. It is also important that the professional. This would help the adolescent have trust in the nurse for advising and assistance for quitting (Lewis, 2008). The professional nurse should recognize all attempts as a positive during smoking cessation period. The professional nurse needs to set realistic achievable goals for the individual because this is important part of the quitting process. This gives the client the opportunity to evaluate their own goals and motivates them to work harder in achieving the next goals. Praising the adolescent and giving a positive feedback can motivate them to work harder towards achieving the next goal (Quinlivan, 2008). The professional nurse also need to referral the client to attend programs offered by the hospital or the clinic for helping patients quit smoking, such as a support group or counseling program. During discharge, the nurse should include teachings about smoking cessation and provide information to take home when the client is ready to quit if not now (Lewis, 2008). In conclusion, many health problems are the result of smoking in the United States. Adolescents starting smoking initiations at early age have greater chances acquiring these health problems. Nationals, states and local had come up many smoking initiations to prevent smoking in adolescents and to decrease the health risks. The professional nurse has an important role in smoking prevention. The professional nurse can educate the adolescent about smoking health problems and providing help to quit. Counseling programs and support groups also has been effective in preventing smoking.

Downfall of Puritan Society :: essays research papers

Puritanism was the foundation of seventeenth century New England society. Religion played a key role in all aspects of settler’s lives and was the main factor in law-making. Puritan New England was ruled by theocracy where most of the power was held by full male church members. The settlers were expected to follow an austere Puritan lifestyle and live by its strict moral code. It was a hierarchical society wherein the most successful, well-know people received special privileges and held the most power. The Puritan society of New England was very conventional in its practices. Although women were seen as spiritual equals to men, they did not hold the power in the church. Once women were married they were expected to stay at home and care for their families. Married women were taught to obey their husbands as their husbands obeyed God. Puritans devoted every Sunday entirely to church and scorned their neighbors who did not attend services. They believed that their fate was predestined and one’s success in life is an implication of God’s feelings towards him or her. Seventeenth century New England towns were divided between residential property, which was in the center of each town, land used for farming located in the outskirts of the towns, and commons which were shared among the community. Wealthier and more socially important townspeople had the best property. Each town had a church and a school. The main source of economic wealth for the New Englanders was agriculture. If one came across success in their job, he would like upon as saved by God. The Puritans practiced theocracy. The church was extremely interconnected with political affairs.

Ethnic Unbonding in South Africa Essay

Manuel Castells notion of ‘ethnic unbonding’ refers to: the gradual withdrawal certain African-Americans are undergoing, so that they no longer are a member of their initial ethnic group. ‘Ethnic unbonding’ is a process where individuals remove themselves from their ethnic groups, because they are either ashamed or humiliated to be associated as part of a stigmatized ethnic identity. â€Å"So, race matters a lot. But, at the same time, the class divide among blacks has created such fundamentally different living conditions that there is growing hostility among the poor against those former brothers that left them out. Most middle-class blacks strive to get ahead not only from the reality of the ghetto, but from the stigma that echoes from the dying ghetto project on them through their skin. They do so particularly, by insulating their children from the poor black communities (moving to suburbs, integrating them into white-dominated private schools), while, at the same time, reinventing an African-American identity that revives the themes of the past, African or American, while keeping silent on the plight of the present† Castell, M p.57. Manuel Castell raises cognizance to the fact that black South Africans are gradually disassociating themselves from their original ethnic identities. (‘Black South Africans’ refers to the non-white individuals of South Africa, those who were disadvantaged and traduced in the homelands during the Apartheid regime). These ethnic unbonding patterns were first noticed among African-Americans and now South Africans too are gradually adopting them. Citizens split from their ethnic groups to mainly better their lives, since being a part of a stigmatized ethnic group cannot ensure a successful and pleasant lifestyle. Parents want a better life for the children and they find that to live a better quality lifestyle one needs to firstly get an education. So they get a good education and become a success in life only to put their stigmatized ethnic background behind them, to avoid risking the loss of their achievements. Ethnic performances are rarely practised and individuals lose sight of where they come from. â€Å"In the last two decades, geographers have become extremely interested in the issue of ethnicity. Ethnic groups are found in essentially all societies. Ethnic groups are populations that feel a common bond and have a sense of common origin that distinguishes them from other groups. Religion, language, national origin, and skin colour are all used to various degrees by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves from others. It is estimated that the 200 or so independent countries recognized by the United Nations are made up of about 5000 ethnic groups. Increased migration of people in the last 200 years has produced a complex pattern of ethnic groups. Essentially, ethnicity is a spatial concept. Ethnic groups are associated with clearly recognized territories, either some large homeland district or some smaller urban or rural enclaves in which they are the primary or exclusive occupant. In addition, they have somehow marked these places with certain distinguished cultural signs. † (http://teacherweb. ftl. pinecrest. edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%203/culturenotes. htm). Ethnicity is socially important. It gives certain individuals a feeling of belonging and prevents one from feeling isolated and alone. It contributes immensely to one’s core identity, focusing mostly on the construction of one’s personal identity, and in turn having an effect on the type of person an individual turns out to be in the future. It forms the basis of an individual’s structure and agency. Ethnicity also promotes national strength which can be built from the diverse cultural resources present in South Africa. It brings together a national identity. ‘Afrikaners historically considered themselves the only true South Africans and, while granting full citizenship to all residents of European descent, denied that status to people of colour until the democratic transition of 1994. British South Africans retain a sense of cultural and social connection to Great Britain without weakening their identity as South Africans. A similar concept of primary local and secondary ancestral identity is prevalent among people of Indian descent. The Bantu-speaking black peoples have long regarded themselves as South African despite the attempts of the white authorities to classify them as less than full citizens or as citizens of ethnic homelands (â€Å"Bantustans†) between 1959 and 1991. Strong cultural loyalties to African languages and local political structures such as the kingdom and the chieftaincy remain an important component of identity. National identity comes first for all black people, but belonging to an ethnic, linguistic, and regional grouping and even to an ancestral clan has an important secondary status. (http://www. everyculture. com/Sa-Th/South-Africa. html). As a result of years of racial separation and discrimination, the majority of South African citizens of which are black, have been severely ill-treated based on the colour of their skin. â€Å"A race is a population that shares visible physical characteristics from inbreeding and that thinks of itself or is thought of by outsiders as distinct. It has been used by societies to justify poor treatment of minority groups† ( http://www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php). For decades black people have been slandered and stereotyped by the white superior citizens, to be uncultured individuals. White people were entirely prejudiced against the black people. ‘Prejudice is a judgment based on group membership or social status. Prejudice may be formed through both individual and group influences including socialization, rationalizing through stereotypes, the scapegoating process, reinforcement of a self-fulfilling prophecy ramification of an authoritarian personality and degree of contact with minority groups.’ http://www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php. How black ethnic groups emerged? Being ethnic is relating to or a characteristic of a sizable group of people sharing a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic or cultural heritage. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com. ) Just like the trends in America, black citizens of South Africa formed groups based on commonalities. These people shared hardships and sufferings, as a result of being excluded from having any opportunities and privileges, by the white superiorities. The white citizens undermined the black citizens for centuries and thus blacks were forced to form close relationships with one another based on the fact that they had common deprivations. ‘Bantustans’ were formed in South Africa and these areas were wastelands of hardship. Residents of these areas were forced to deal with struggle and poverty thus leading to an increase in crime rate. People did what they could to survive. Stealing, drug dealing etc. all the forms of violence and corruption exploded from these areas. Put a group of homeless and poor people together and what do you get? Chaos. White people were aware of the disorder in the homelands and ever since then stereotypes were given to black people. What provoked ethnic unbonding? Ethnic unbonding is when individuals from an ethnic group break away from their core cultural identity and instead pursue an identity of their own. Individuals mainly do this to improve their standards of living. The stigmas attached to certain ethnic groups are undesirable and individuals are afraid of being part of these unpleasant stereotypes. Certain groups especially ethnic groups have harsh associations linked to them and for these people to improve their quality of life they need to detach themselves from their ethnic groups. The negativity one receives from being part of a stigmatized ethnic group for some is too much to handle. People want to be freed from the harmful judgements of the past, and thus completely detaching themselves from their core ethnic identity is the best way out. ‘’Race and ethnicity are central – to America, as to other societies’ dynamics – their manifestations seem to be deeply altered by current social trends. ’’ (Castells, 1997: 53). Globalisation affects people’s choices on being or not being part of an ethnic group. Westernization transforms certain cultures and moulds them into a more modernized culture, with less practices and more simplicity. Cultural identity is a victim of globalization. Culture is being altered so much by globalization and media effects that soon the culture will transform into something completely different. According to Tomlinson, J. p. 23 states that â€Å"it is fair to say that the impact of globalization in the cultural sphere has, most generally, been viewed in a pessimistic light. Typically, it has been associated with the destruction of cultural identities, victims of the accelerating encroachment of a homogenized, westernized, consumer culture. † Conclusion Ethnic unbonding is inevitable. Every single individual wants a decent lifestyle and a decent life is one with no racial, gender or ethnic inequalities. Ethnic unbonding will continue to take place in South Africa as well as the rest of the world, because the desire for one to have an improved standard of living exceeds the desire to want to belong to an ethnic area. Castells concept of ethnic unbonding is a notion unknowingly practiced amongst the people of South Africa. Castell believes that individuals belonging to certain ethnic groups are developing boundaries within themselves. However, I think that people can still live a better life and yet maintain a part of their ethnicity. Lifestyles can be adjusted so that some form of their religion and culture is integrated into their everyday life and not forgotten. Future generations might be at risk of never knowing exactly where they come from, and being clueless about their ethnic and cultural heritage. 1. Castells, Manuel. 1997. The power of identity. Cambridge, MA. Blackwell, 52-59 2. Tomlinson, John. Globalization and cultural identity http://www. polity. co. uk/global/pdf/gtreader2etomlinson. pdf(12September 2011) 3. Definitions of race, prejudice and discrimination: http://www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php (12September 2011) 4. Countries and their Culture – South Africa http://www. everyculture. com/Sa-Th/South-Africa. html (12September 2011) 5. THE GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE, AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF INEQUALITY: RACE, ETHNICITY & GENDER http://teacherweb. ftl. pinecrest. edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%203/culturenotes. htm (12September 2011) 6. Definition of Ethnic: http://www. thefreedictionary. com (12September 2011).

Origin Of Solar System Essays - Planetary Science, Solar System

Origin Of Solar System Essays - Planetary Science, Solar System Origin Of Solar System The Origin of the Solar System One of the most intriguing questions in astronomy today is the how our solar system formed. Not only does the answer add insight to other similarly forming systems, but also helps to satisfy our curiosity about the origin of our species. Although it is highly unlikely that astronomers will ever know with absolute scientific certainty how our system originated, they can construct similar theoretical models with the hopes gaining a better understanding. A basic understand of the current physical aspects of our solar system are helpful when trying to analyzing its origin. Our solar system is made of the Sun, nine major planets, at least sixty planetary satellite, thousands of asteroids and comets that all span an immense distance. Each planet has its own individual characteristics and seven of which have one or more satellites. There are thousands of asteroids, mainly congested in the area between Mars and Jupiter, as well as countless comets that all trav el in a spherical orbit around our Sun. The Sun contains approximately 99 percent of the mass in the solar system, but only 2 percent of the systems angular momentum. It lies in the center of our system while all planets, asteroids and alike rotate in elliptical orbits around it in the same plane. The smaller inner planets have solid surfaces, lack ring systems and have far fewer satellites then the outer planets. Atmospheres of most of the inner planets consist of large quantities of oxidized compounds such as carbon dioxide. While on the other hand, the outer planets are far more massive then the inner terrestrial planets, and have gigantic atmospheres composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. Asteroids and comets make up the smallest portion of the solar systems entities and are composed of the remnants left behind while planets were forming. For over 300 years, there has been a very long history of conjecture on the origin of the solar system. These many theories stem from two gen eral categories. The first category called monistic, involves the evolution of the Sun and planets as an isolated system. The second group of theories called dualistic, suggested that the solar system formed as a result of the interaction between two individual stars. The dualistic formation theory has been almost entirely dropped and monistic formation has become the general consensus on the basic formation of our solar system. Most modern theories of the origin of the solar system hypothesize that all bodies in the solar system, including the sun accreted from the formation and evolution of a single primordial solar nebula. It is believed that our solar system began to form around 4.56 billion years ago from a dense interstellar cloud of gas. Because of the conservation of angular momentum, the cloud of gas formed a rotating flattened disk approximately the size of the planetary system. It was this flattened disk that is referred to as the primitive solar nebula and from which our current solar system evolved. Ordinarily, the internal pressures of the cloud are sufficient to prevent if form collapsing. However, from time to time local increases in pressure of the interstellar medium cause the additional compression of interstellar clouds. These compressions caused the clouds to reach their threshold of gravitational collapse. Once the gravitational attraction of matter is greater then any tendency to expand due to internal pressures the cloud begins to collapse inward. Theoretical models suggest that the presolar nebula continued to collapse until the center of the cloud became so dense that heat started to form. This heat increased the thermal pressure of the cloud until the collapse was eventually halted. The existence of our system of planets is entirely due to the angular momentum of the initial cloud. If there were no angular momentum, then the interstellar cloud would have collapsed to from a single star. While at the same time, if the collapse had occ urred under a system with too much angular momentum then a binary star would have resulted from our system. Our system formed under intermediate conditions allowing the planets to evolve. The fact that the Sun contains 99 percent of the solar systems mass but only 2 percent

Measurement essays

Measurement essays Reliability can be established empirically by means of repeated trials. In other words, the selected measuring procedure is subjected to a number of trials, and if the results are the same for each trial, reliability is established (Kiefer, 1997). This also means that persons other than the initial researcher can replicate the measuring procedure and still produce the same results. There is therefore no doubt that any conclusions, theories or claims emanating from the research are based upon Although reliability can be established in empirical terms, Kiefer (1997) warns that inherent difficulties may still arise with this aspect of measurement. The ideal is to measure exactly the issue at the heart of the experiment. The difficulty arises when such focus becomes challenging with the introduction of elements other than those being measured. This frequently occurs when the study area is situated in a natural or social setting. When the focus of study and measurement is for example something as complex as human behavior, it is unlikely that exactly the same result will be obtained each time. In this case the measuring device is the researcher's observations. Because the researcher is human, such observations are subject not only to flaw, but to multiple interpretations. Thus, although more consistent and more empirical than validity, reliability still offers its own set of challenges to the measuring Validity is a still more difficult concept to pin down. Whereas reliability is concerned with the processes and instruments by which research is conducted, validity is concerned with the finished research. The question here is therefore focused more broadly, and concerns the accuracy with which a study reflects the concept being studied. Validity therefore aims to establish the success of measurement, while reliabili ...

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics - Assignment Example Moving downwards from the point D on the demand curve to the midpoint C, absolute value of the elasticity of demand, though declining remains greater than one which causes total revenue to increase with the fall in price of the product. While reduction in price per unit of the commodity tends to reduce revenue, increase in quantity sold caused by it tends to increase the revenue. Price elasticity remaining greater than one above the midpoint C implies that the percentage increase in quantity demanded exceeds the percentage fall in price which causes the total revenue to increase. Therefore, up to the level of output Q which corresponds to the mid-point C of the demand curve, total revenue curve goes on increasing. 2. Inelastic range (e 0 45 2 6.33 90 Elastic 40 3 3.40 120 Elastic 35 4 2.14 140 Elastic 30 5 1.44 150 Elastic 25 6 1.00 150 Unit elastic 20 7 0.69 140 Inelastic 15 8 0.47 120 Inelastic 10 9 0.29 90 Inelastic

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Business Ethics - Essay Example But, never, the vocabulary never so rude.† (cbsnews.com). 3. According to Sainz and reports, when she was on the sidelines before the match, some Jet players and coaches appears to have intentionally thrown footballs in her direction. Then, when she waited in the locker room to conduct an interview with Mark Sanchez, she was reportedly harassed with catcalls and rude comments. (cbsnews.com) 4. Although, there are numerous pictures showing Sainz dressed in a â€Å"provocative† or sexy manner, it no way lessens the crime committed by the team. It is a personal choice and is part of her job, and that does not give the team any right or leeway to harass her. â€Å"When she posts sexy photos on her website, shes showing off her assets and creating an image of a strong, sexy woman. The two are not incompatible.† (Peveteaux). 5. From the reports, it is clear that Sainz did not do anything wrong or even provocative to elicit the player’s response. She was just doing her job and her costumes was her choice, and so it no way makes any difference to the crime committed. â€Å"When Sainz is in the locker room, shes asking questions as reporters do. Shes not giving a lap dance. There is no excuse for disgusting behavior.† (Peveteaux ) 6. Inez Sainz being a former Miss Spain or a 33 years old or married or being a mother of three children does not make any difference or lessens the misdemeanor. However, it makes the crime more erroneous and unethical, because even a committed married woman and mother, who is charting a career path, is not free from sexual harassment. 7. Yes, female reporters are allowed in the male players’ locker rooms, but after this incident there should be re-thinking on the part of the authorities, team management and the media houses. The harsh environment of the locker rooms was pointed out by "Early Show" co-anchor Erica Hill, "A locker room is a tough place for anybody, male or female, and a lot

How do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among Dissertation

How do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among type 2 diabetics - Dissertation Example How do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among type 2 diabetics: a Literature Review Douglas M Vergne Dissertation submitted as part of the requirements for the award of MSc Advanced Practice University of Dundee, June, 2013. ... M Vergne 070017010, am declaring that I am the sole author of this dissertation; that the work has not previously been accepted as part of any other degree submission; that all references cited have been consulted; that I have conducted all the work of which this is a record, and that the finished work contains (21844) words with allowable exclusions. Date: 1-13-2012 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Scoring System for Study Validity p. 21 Table 2: Results of the Review p. 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my family for giving me the support needed to see me through this challenge. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my mentors here at school, for their patience guidance, confidence and encouragement. I hope this will make you proud. Of course, I will never forget my friends, for being with me through thick and thin, through happiness and sadness, and to achievements and trials. PERMISSION TO COPY The School of Nursing & Midwifery keeps electronic copies of all Masters Dissertations. An impor tant reason for this is that the University library no longer stores hard bound copies of Masters Dissertations. This means that they are no longer available in the public domain for future students should they wish to access them. We would wish to make the Dissertations of Masters Graduates available to future students by placing a range of examples from previous students on My Dundee. We may elect to use your Dissertation as one of the examples. Note that your name will be removed from the dissertation should we choose to use it, so you will not be identifiable. However, you do not have to agree to this if you do not wish to, without giving a reason and without any negative consequence. It is for this reason that we are inviting you to choose one of the two following options. OPTION A: By

Dance is a sport Essay Example for Free

Dance is a sport Essay I. Introduction: a) Attention Getter: What is the definition of a sport? A game played with a ball? Is it people in tight pants running around? How about â€Å"an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a competitive nature†? That sounds more like it. Football, baseball, and track fit those definitions, but so does another recreational activity that is not typically considered a sport: dance. b) Personal Statement: I myself am a dancer and have been dancing my whole life. Being a dancer, one of the worst things anyone can say is that dance is not a sport and I want to prove them wrong. Transition: Dance fits all those requirements. An athletic activity? Oh yeah! Requiring skill or physical prowess? Definitely! Often of a competitive nature? You bet! Dance is even recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee. Then why is this â€Å"fine art† not considered a sport? II. Dance is an athletic activity. a) The sport of dance takes years of training and hard work to perfect. Yes, I said sport. Although some believe that dancing is nothing more than tutus and twirling, it is a mentally engaging and physically demanding activity. b) Dance is actually quite similar to one of the most popular sports in the United States: football. In both activities, athletes are assigned specific jobs, roles, or positions. Each follows choreographed plays. Both types of athletes travel using certain steps or passes. Similar, right? III. Dance requires skill or physical prowess. a) One difference between dance and most sports is the way the athletes present themselves. During a tennis match, the players grunt and groan when hitting the ball to show everyone how hard they are working. However, dancers must always look graceful and light as a feather. The best dancers can make the most difficult moves look effortless. It takes lots of practice to perfect those moves and make them look easy. This is why dance is a mental sport as well. b) Dr. Jill McNitt-Gray, a professor in kinesiology (the scientific study of movement) at the University of Southern California, has worked with national champions and Olympic gold medalists. Through her work with professional ballroom dancers, she found that a dancer doing the jive can reach foot speeds of 15 miles an hour. In addition, a dancer can spin up to 180 times in a minute – four times faster than a record player! c) Balance is a vital part of dance. Dancers must have strong core muscles. Men need strong shoulders for lifts, since they must not only support their own body weight but also their partners. â€Å"Dancers are some of the toughest athletes in the world,† claims Dr. McNitt-Gray. IV. Dance is a competitive nature. a) Many ask, â€Å"How can dance be a sport? You cant judge on time and the scoring is subjective! † Just like figure skaters, competitive dancers are judged on many criteria: technique, posture, timing, line, hold, poise, togetherness, expression, presentation, power, and foot or leg action. Dancers have a lot on their minds while performing. They are constantly asking themselves, am I extending correctly? Is my technique right? Is my head facing the right direction? b) Some people think dance involves less endurance than sports like cross-country running. However, these runners exert forces in only one direction but, as Dr. McNitt-Gray said, in dance, your hands, legs, and head are exerting forces in different directions all at the same time. c) Dance is a cardiovascular, aerobic, and challenging sport. Many professional athletes, including former Pittsburgh Steeler wide receiver Lynn Swann, dance to improve their flexibility. Dance fits all the requirements of a sport, and has the physical and mental challenges of a sport, as well. V. Conclusion: a) Main Points: Just like any other sport, dance is an athletic activity that requires skill or physical prowess and is often a competitive nature. b) Ending Statement: If you are shaking your head thinking, this girls crazy, get up off your chair and try it yourself. Meanwhile, I look forward to the day I might be able to stand on that Olympic platform and receive a gold medal for the sport of dance. Sources and References 1. Professor of Kinesiology, Jill McNitt-Gray. University of South California http://www.worlddancesport. org/About/All/Fit_Through_Dance 2. Pittsburgh Steeler wide receiver Lynn Swann, By Joe Horrigan. Courtesy of the Pro Football Hall of Fame http://www. profootballresearchers. org/Coffin_Corner/23-03-895. pdf 3. The Mayo Clinic, a published medical journal. The Health Benefits of Dancing Including Specific Benefits of Different Dances. http://www. sixwise. com/newsletters/05/11/02/the_health_benefits_of_dancing__including_specific_benefits_of_different_dances. htm 4. Santa Rosa High, The Press Democrat. The great debate: is dance a sport? http://teenlife. blogs. pressdemocrat. com/11749/the-great-debate-is-dance-a-sport/.

What Is the Point of the House of Lords?

What Is the Point of the House of Lords? The House of Lords is a fundamental part of the UKs bicameral legislative system, being an appropriate check and balance to the House of Commons in legislative matters. However, this has been brought into question after the Recent Welfare Reform Bill. This essay aims to examine ‘what is the point in the House of Lords?’ It will first look into its history, then its role in Parliament and how it has changed over time. It will focus on the welfare reform bill and the ban on hunting with hounds as its main examples. The House of Lords are also called the Upper Chamber and are a part of the legislature. Legislature is the part of government that discuss and pass laws (Jones, 2010). It is made up of the Commons, Lords and the Queen, only the Commons are elected. The executive is the party in power and is responsible for implementing the laws and policies made by legislature (Jones, 2010). The Houses of Parliament are divided up into two parts, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords is one of the two chambers of HM Parliament. The House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament and is also called the Upper House (Jones, 2010). The House of Lords is separate to but works alongside the elected House of Commons. The House of Lords are made up of inherited Lords and Life peers. Modern Lords are appointed by the PM. The appointed peers tend to have a specialist area of knowledge, for example health or education. The House of Commons is made up of elected members (Budge, 2004). The House of Lords has 736 members, 86 more than the House of Commons. There are only 92 hereditary Lords left after they were thrown out by the Labour Government in 1999 as it was deemed undemocratic (Knight 2010). The first part of the House of Lords is the remaining hereditary members, the second part are appointed by the Prime Minister and they are given their titles, for example ‘Lady Margaret Thatcher’ so as she was given the title by the Prime Minister who took over from her she had a seat in the House of Lords. The third part is made up of the court system and the church and people in positions of expertise (Monroe, 2002). Before taking a seat in The House of Lords the peer has to swear an oath of allegiance to the monarch (Jones, 2010). The House of Lords is a combination of tradition and modern legislature (Monroe, 2002) Laws are only made if the Commons, Lords and the Monarch can agree. An unwritten constitution (a convention), states that the Monarch has always got to agree to new laws made by Parliament. The Lords can also only suggest amendments too legislation but does not actually have the power to make the changes, meaning the Commons hold the power (Budge, 2004). The legislative process starts with the draft papers, white and green papers. They are published to allow consultation from interested parties such as professional bodies and voluntary organisations before the bill is introduced into the House of Commons (Jones, 2010). They have their first reading in which it is just read out and then a second reading where there is a debate and a vote to move on to the committee stage which is pre-legislative scrutiny where the draft bill is considered by a departmental select committee this allows the MPs and members of Lords to have an early influence on the Bill (Jones, 2010). In the committee s tage they vote for amendments and send it to the report stage. In the report stage they discuss the amendments; they then go to the Third reading which in the House of Lords. The key purpose of The House of Lords is voting on whether to accept or reject legislation drawn up by The House of Commons (Jones, 2010). Suggesting amendments to legislation drawn up by The House of Commons and debating legislation drawn up by the House of Commons, they can also introduce new laws to be debated. Although the important laws start the legislative process with the Commons, the House of Lords do draw up some legislation, for example ensuring children with special needs and disabilities have access to mainstream education or protecting the right to legal aid in welfare cases and insisting on equality of the NHS treatment for physical and mental illness (www.parliament.uk). Members spend nearly half their time in the House considering draft laws. All bills have to be considered by both Houses of Parliament before they can become law (Jones, 2010). The House of Commons send legislation to the House of Lords, in the form of the white paper, but the 1911 Act has taken away the ability for The House of Lords to stop legislation sent down by The House of Commons. This started when the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lloyd George, suggested in 1909 the introduction of the first old age pension and a majority of the Lords voted against (Knight, 2010). The main purposes of the Act was 1) The House of Lords can only delay a money bill for one month, and 2) Limiting the time the Lords can delay a bill, meaning if it was rejected three times the Bill could receive Royal Assent without approval from The House of Lords (Gillespie, 2013.) This has only been used four times in the last twenty five years. One of these was to pass The Parliament Act of 1949 which was an amendment of the 1911 Act making it so the Lords could only reject the bill two times rather than three before it could be passed with Royal Assent (Gillespie, 2013). These Acts t ook a lot of power away from the Lords. The current PM is allegedly preparing to use the Parliament Act for the first time in ten years to push through the EU Referendum Bill into Law before the next election (Holehouse, 2014). â€Å"The Act is sometimes described as the nuclear option of parliamentary to break stalemates between the Commons and the Lords† (Holehouse, 2014). An MP was quoted saying â€Å"It shows that they really, really want it to happen. It also shows the Lords that they can’t mess with it†. Although the Lords have been stripped of a lot of their power, there are advantages to the Lords. There can be a lot more individual expression in the House of Lords (Knight, 2010). Many of its members have a lot of experience in different areas of life; with this experience making an important contribution to the progress of legislation and serves to caution the government of the day (Jones, 2010). The House of Lords are also responsible for holding government to account. Members in the Upper Chamber scrutinise the work of the government during question time and debates in the chamber. â€Å"In the 2012-13 session, members held the government to account with 7,324 oral and written questions and 193 debates on issues ranging from child poverty to immigration† (www.parliament.uk). The Lords can also moderate the Commons using their expertise and making sure nothing too radical is put through (www.parliament.uk). Peers have less to lose, being free thinkers. If an MP was to go against their party leader then they could be ignored when looking for a job although some do still have party affiliation and will vote on side of their party (Knight, 2010). Some people however, would argue that having the House of Lords is healthy for our system as it means it isn’t led by political machines with party agendas (Knight, 2010). ‘Ping ponging’ is the toing and froing of amendments to Bills between the House of Commons and the House of Lords. A good example of this is The Hunting with Hounds Act which experienced seven years of ‘ping ponging’ between the two houses. Three private members Bills were introduced by Labour MPs between 1992 and 1995 to ban hunting with no success (Garnett, 2007). However, in a 1997 manifesto Labour offered a free vote on the subject. In 1998 the Bill got its second reading in the Commons and was ‘talked out’ by the third reading (Garnett, 2007). In 2000 a new bill was proposed with a compromise of hunting with a licence, this was rejected by the commons and thrown out by the Lords. The Bill had been introduced too late to meet the terms of the Parliament Act of 1949. After Blair was re-elected in 2001 the ‘ping pong’ effect still continued, with the Commons passing a new Bill and the Lords rejecting it, until 2004 when the conditions of the Parliament Act 1949 had been met and the Bill was given Royal Assent (Garnett, 2007). The House of Lords Reform draft bill was introduced in 2011. The Reform wants to outline the powers and responsibility of the relationships between the two houses. This would define the point of ‘financial privilege’. This could be hard to reach an agreement on when it could be rejected and what kind of amendments the House of Lords could make before they were ‘wrecking amendments’ and what circumstances the Lords would be able to reject secondary legislation (draft house of lords reform bill: report session 2010-12, Vol. 1: Report). Originally ‘Financial Privilege’ was seen as something dealing with Bills dealing with supply and taxation. However in the recent reform bill it was used to reject a lot of the amendments by the Lords and to prevent the bill ‘ping ponging’. The financial implications were seen as big enough by the Speaker to grant financial privilege (Crampton, 2012). Financial privilege is being used a lot more reducing the effect of the Lords scrutiny. Despite the fact the House of Lords do not appear to hold much in the way of power, the House are specialists in different fields offering expertise advice. Also, peers do not have a party agenda and therefore pose employability risk in going against their party. This is useful as these limitations can prevent any radical changes in law. But without any power to have their amendments noted there is really no point in the House of Lords if they can be over ruled completely. Budge etal (2004). The New British Politics. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Crampton, C. (2012). Whats the point in the house of Lords?. Available: www.totalpolitics.com/blog/293317/whats-the-pont-of-the-house-of-lords.thtml. Last accessed 6th Jan 2014 Egawhary E. (2010). What is the new face of the house of commons. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8672770.stm . Last accessed 6th Jan 2014. Garnett M (2007). Exploring British Poitics. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Gillepie A (2013). The English Legal System. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones etal (2010). Politics Uk. 7th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Knight, J (2010). British Politics for Dummies. West Sussex: John Wiley and sons Peele G (1995). Governing the UK. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. What the Lords does. Available: http://www.parliament.uk/business/lords/work-of-the-house-of-lords/what-the-lords-does/. Last accessed 6th Jan 2014. Munroe, T (2002). An Intoduction to Politics, Lectures for first year students. 3rd ed. Mona Kingston 7, Jamaica: Canoe Press. Holehouse, M. (2014). David Cameron prepares nuclear option on EU referendum. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10526825/Cameron-prepares-nuclear-option-on-EU-referendum.html. Last accessed 6th Jan 2014 Draft house of lords reform bill: report session 2010-12, Vol. 1: Report . Y8158485

North American Slavery vs. Latin American Slavery: A Comparative Look a

North American Slavery vs. Latin American Slavery: A Comparative Look at Frederick Douglass and Juan Francisco Manzano When we assess the evils of slavery, we typically think of the North American slaves plight. We think of the beatings, murders, hangings and mistreatment of the Southern slave. But what about the slaves of Latin America? Who hears their cries of woe because of their evil slave masters? Is their treatment the same of their brethren under slave rule in North America? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to look into the lives of both North and Latin American slaves. For our purposes, we will utilize two slave narratives. One account will come from the North American slave, Frederick Douglass, and his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The other account will come from the narrative Autobiography of a Slave by the Cuban slave Juan Francisco Manzano. In analyzing these two slave narratives, we will compare the childhood, slave communities, slave/master relations, and literature of both Douglass and Manzano. By taking a comparative look at Frederick Douglass and Ju an Francisco Manzano we will be able to hear the voices of the slaves and understand their plight. Childhood Childhood is a period of maturation when our personalities begin to develop into the type of individuals we will eventually become. This is a crucial time where our identities are forming based upon how we are treated by those around us. +If a child is often handled as a burden that individual will take on a negative persona. In the case of children living under the dark hands of slavery, it was impossible to have a normal childhood. A slave's parents were always off conducting laborious tasks, or they were sold away... ...at to the Slave of the Fourth of July?", thus positioning himself as an activist and a spokesperson. Douglass went on to publish two more narratives, My Bondage and My Freedom in 1855, and The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass in 1881. In between the time when he was writing his other autobiographies, Douglass worked for the New National Era, a weekly newspaper in Washington D.C. Aside from his writing accomplishments, Douglass became a key figure in the abolitionist and the equal rights movements. He was revered as a speaker, author and statesman. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Manzano, Juan Francisco. Autobiography of a Slave. Detroit: Wayn State University Press, 1996. Wilson, Ruth. "Latin America Speaks." http://130.132.143.21/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/1/90.01.04.x.html

The Qualities of a Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

In The Qualities of a Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli discusses the attributes that he believes make for a good leader. Although Machiavelli wrote The Qualities of a Prince centuries ago, some of the qualities he advises a prince to have can be adapted to the leaders of today. Some of these qualities include being generous and being feared by the public. Machiavelli claims that if â€Å"generosity is used in such a manner as to give you a reputation for it will harm you. † Today, this advice is completely useless.Pope Francis of the Catholic Church is a prime example of how being generous is, in fact, a good quality of a leader. Recently, the pope has been venturing out of the Vatican at night to help the homeless men and women. Due to his generosity, people have grown fonder of Pope Francis, making him a better leader with loyal followers. Pope Francis breaks bread with the homeless and sits with them to show them that they are loved. These generous acts make him more of a lovabl e leader, and show the people of the Catholic Church that they are in good hands.Machiavelli also states that â€Å"it is much safer to be feared than to be loved when one of the two must be lacking. † This advice, on the other hand, is reliable today. A recent leader who is feared by the public is Kim Jong-Il of North Korea. Kim Jong-Il is known for being a totalitarian dictator, giving his people little to no political rights or civil liberties. He has also forced women into marriage, mandated abortions, tortured his people, executed citizens publicly, and used forced labor in prison camps.The fear of Kim Jong-Il and his incredibly strict and derogatory regulations allowed him to rule over North Korea without being assassinated by his people. Kim Jong-Il proves that being feared can be more effective than being loved by the people. Today, there must be an equal balance between generosity and being feared. Pope Francis and Kim Jong-Il prove that both tactics are effective in leading, but the situations in which they are effective vary. Therefore, Machiavelli was correct in that being feared is a quality of a good leader, but was mistaken in believing that being generous did not make for an effective leader.

Free Essays on James Garfield

James Garfield was a Jane Austin fan with an attractive nose, Frank Sinatra eyes, and a ready arm to throw about a friend's shoulders. (www.eisenhower.utexas.edu/20.htm) President Garfield enjoyed the hobbies of fishing, chess, and card playing. He was a 'dark horse' President who served only 199 days in office before he was shot by Charles J. Guiteau in a Washington, DC train station. James started his career in the political arena as a lawyer. From 1859 – 1861 he was a member of the Ohio State Senate. During the Civil War he was a General in the Union army. He became a U.S. Representative from Ohio in and obtained re-election every two years until 1878. During the Civil War and Reconstruction Era, he was one of the most hawkish Republicans who sought to defeat and weaken the South with every opportunity. Garfield became the Republican floor leader of the House in 1876 when James G. Blaine moved to the Senate. In 1880 Garfield was the choice for Senator of Ohio; however , before he could ever sit in the Senate, he was nominated for President by the Republican Party. Thus, James Garfield became the 20th President of the United States when he took office in 1881. James Abram Garfield was born on November 19, 1831 in Orange, Ohio to Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou Garfield. His father died when he was 18 months old and was subsequently raised by his mother and an uncle. After transferring from Western Reserve Eclectic Institute to Williams College, he graduated in 1856 and continued on to teach at the Eclectic Institute in classical languages. In 1858, he married Lucretia Rudolph and together they had seven children. In 1860 he was admitted to the bar in Ohio and became an Ohio state senator in 1859. He had a promising career during the Civil war and rose to major general of volunteers; however, he resigned in 1863, having been elected to the House of Representatives, where he served until 1880. He was elected to the Senate in ... Free Essays on James Garfield Free Essays on James Garfield James Garfield was a Jane Austin fan with an attractive nose, Frank Sinatra eyes, and a ready arm to throw about a friend's shoulders. (www.eisenhower.utexas.edu/20.htm) President Garfield enjoyed the hobbies of fishing, chess, and card playing. He was a 'dark horse' President who served only 199 days in office before he was shot by Charles J. Guiteau in a Washington, DC train station. James started his career in the political arena as a lawyer. From 1859 – 1861 he was a member of the Ohio State Senate. During the Civil War he was a General in the Union army. He became a U.S. Representative from Ohio in and obtained re-election every two years until 1878. During the Civil War and Reconstruction Era, he was one of the most hawkish Republicans who sought to defeat and weaken the South with every opportunity. Garfield became the Republican floor leader of the House in 1876 when James G. Blaine moved to the Senate. In 1880 Garfield was the choice for Senator of Ohio; however , before he could ever sit in the Senate, he was nominated for President by the Republican Party. Thus, James Garfield became the 20th President of the United States when he took office in 1881. James Abram Garfield was born on November 19, 1831 in Orange, Ohio to Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou Garfield. His father died when he was 18 months old and was subsequently raised by his mother and an uncle. After transferring from Western Reserve Eclectic Institute to Williams College, he graduated in 1856 and continued on to teach at the Eclectic Institute in classical languages. In 1858, he married Lucretia Rudolph and together they had seven children. In 1860 he was admitted to the bar in Ohio and became an Ohio state senator in 1859. He had a promising career during the Civil war and rose to major general of volunteers; however, he resigned in 1863, having been elected to the House of Representatives, where he served until 1880. He was elected to the Senate in ...

The eNotes Blog Scholarship Spotlight April2015

Scholarship Spotlight April2015 Every month, scours the web for  some of the best scholarships with upcoming deadlines. When you are ready to apply, check out our tips on How to Write a Scholarship Essay. Find even more scholarships and resources  here. Dr. W. Wes Eckenfelder Jr. Scholarship Amount: $5,000 Eligibility: Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, enrolled as a full time student or as a junior or senior, or be enrolled in a graduate program at an accredited college or university. Must also have declared a major in civil, chemical or environmental engineering or one of the environmental sciences (e.g. geology, hydrogeology, ecology). Requirements: Essay, two letters of recommendation Due Date: April 15, 2015 Mary Macey Scholarship Amount: Two $1,500 awards Eligibility: Applicants must currently work in the independent grocery industry, and be entering sophomores or continuing students in an associate degree program or four year university. Must also have a GPA of 2.0 or higher. Requirements: Essay, letter of recommendation, transcripts Due Date: April 19, 2015 Endowment Fund For Education (EFFE) Amount: Two $500 awards Eligibility: Must be enrolled in an accredited college or technical school program as a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th year student, or returning for graduate study. Requirements: Essay, transcripts, resume, portfolio, two references Due Date: April 30, 2015 HENAAC Scholars Program Amount: $1,000-10,000 Eligibility: Must be involved in the Hispanic community and/or be of hispanic origin, and able to demonstrate leadership through academic achievements and campus activites. Must be in a science, technology, engineering, or math related major with a GPA of 3.0 or higher. Requirements: Essay, two letters of recommendation, official transcripts, resume, photo Due Date: April 30, 2015

Downloading German Songs from iTunes

Downloading German Songs from iTunes iTunes auf Deutsch! Downloading German music- legally Would you like to explore the world of modern German music? Would you like to download rock, pop, or rap songs in German? How about watching a German music video online? Well, I just did all that, and boy was it fun! Apple must have been listening to the complaints of U.S. fans of German music, who for a long time could only get a tantalizing look at, and even listen to, songs and albums by German (and Austrian) artists, but could not buy any of it from Apples American iTunes Music Store. This frustration has now lessened for Mac and Windows users, but not entirely. A recent visit to the U.S. iTunes Music Store was a pleasant surprise. I found music and songs in German by many contemporary and traditional bands and artists from Austria, Germany, and German Switzerland. And I could buy what I saw/heard! There were albums and songs by DIE PRINZEN, FALCO, HERBERT GRÃâ€"NEMEYER, the PUHDYS, MÃÅ"NCHNER FREIHEIT, and even HEINO. (Youll also find audiobooks in German, language courses, and German comedy recordings available for download.) I discovered just about every type of music in German- from classical to rap, from Christmas to country-western- ready for listening and purchase. Soon I had downloaded (and paid for) an eclectic mix ranging from Deutschland by DIE PRINZEN to Ring aus Feuer (think Johnny Cash) by the Austrian WOLFGANG AMBROS. As I type these words, my computer is playing music by RAMMSTEIN (Amerika), UDO LINDENBERG (Ich habe noch einen Koffer in Berlin), and the interesting Belgian group SCALA KOLACNY BROTHERS (Schrei nach Liebe)- all downloaded from the American iTunes Music Store. Mac or Windows users can then create CDs with the downloaded German songs or any mix they want. If I had an iPod, I could also transfer these songs to it and listen anywhere I go. A Few More Surprises - Good and BadAlthough residents of Germany and Austria can download iTunes music from just about any German recording artist there is, we U.S. residents have to be content with slimmer pickings. If you want to download songs by Die Fantastischen Vier, Rosenstolz, or Die Ärzte, (Die beste Band der Welt) youll have to be in Germany. You can easily switch to the German iTunes Music Store and listen to songs by those artists, but when you try to download a song or album, U.S. residents get this unwelcome message: Your account is only valid for songs from the U.S. iTunes Store. But at least you can listen to 30-second samples of the German songs. Even for artists in German that are found in the U.S. store, not all of the albums or songs by that artist may be offered. Some albums are partial, with only a few selected songs available from iTunes, but that is also true of the normal American or British recording artists. However, what IS there is a lot better than what was available earlier (pretty much nothing). There is no German Songs menu section in the U.S. iTunes store (there is a German Pop category, but youll need help finding it; see Tips Part 2), so I started with a search by the artists name or a song title. Sometimes I just typed in a common German word (liebe, freiheit) to see what results would pop up. As I explored the German offerings with this method in the U.S. store, I stumbled onto interesting things I may not have found otherwise. Schrei nach Liebe is a good example. Turns out the iTunes version I downloaded is a cover version by a Belgian girls choir of that Ärzte song, and the Germans are raving about how the ladies took a metallic song (they also did Engel by Rammstein) and turned it into something very different but still cool. After downloading Amerika by Rammstein, I discovered that its in the German Top 10 charts (Oct. 2004) and that iTunes has a music video version! (Free and in stunning quality with a high-speed connection!) Tips and TricksIn the next section Ill offer some tips and tricks for finding German songs at the U.S. iTunes Music Store, with screen shots, artists lists, links, and other neat stuff- including music videos in German. Note: iTunes also works great for subscribing and listening to podcasts in German!